The Augustinian hermits began building the church around 1300 on the current site of the Augustinian monastery. Compared to other Erfurt mendicant churches, the Augustinian church is the oldest and the earliest completed church. Particularly worth seeing are the stained glass windows dating from the 14th century and three tombstones depicting clergymen of the Augustinian order in the choir.

Martin Luther entered the monastery on July 17, 1505. Official business later led Johann Sebastian Bach to visit his relatives in the city, for example in 1716 to inspect the new organ in the Augustinian Church.