According to archaeological findings, the origins of the Kiliani church date back to around 1000. Its surroundings mark one of the oldest settlement centers beyond the Königspfalz, from which the town of Mühlhausen grew together in the 12th century. Until at least the 13th century, a lime tree near the church was the site of the Heimbürgengericht, which ruled on disputes between farming citizens. The church, which has been rebuilt several times, was the last of the inner city churches to be renovated and has been used as a theater venue since 2006.