Obendorf was first mentioned in 1307 under the name "Obringdorf" mentioned. A chapel was built in the village in 1603 for baptism services and around 1843 it was converted into a parish hall with a smithy and oven.

In 1974, Obendorf was administratively incorporated into the municipality of Exdorf and since then has formed a district of the municipality of Exdorf. With the merger to form the municipality of Grabfeld on 01.12.2007, the two districts of Exdorf and Obendorf together form the village of Exdorf and thus have a local mayor and a local council.

In 2007, the town celebrated the 700th anniversary of its first mention.

148 people live in Obendorf. The district of Obendorf covers 546 hectares.