The old Thomaskirche was first mentioned in a document in 1282 and was probably rebuilt in the Gothic style in the first half of the 14th century. It is located in a park on Schillerstraße. Johann Christoph Bach, Johann Sebastian's eldest brother, and Johann Gottfried Walther, a cousin of Johann Sebastian Bach, played the organ in the old Thomaskirche for a short time in 1689 and between 1702 and 1707 respectively.

On Holy Saturday, March 31, 1945, this church was destroyed by bombs down to the outer walls and the tower. Immediately after the end of the war, the congregation began to rebuild the church. The rebuilt St. Thomas' Church was consecrated in 1950. It is Erfurt's only neo-Gothic town church. With its 15th century winged altar as the most precious piece of furnishings and its excellent acoustics, it is one of the city's particularly interesting cultural and historical monuments.